References:

• Blau HM, Daley GQ. Stem Cells in the Treatment of Disease [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 29;381(9):890. doi: 10.1056/NEJMx190025.]. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(18):1748-1760. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1716145

Resources:

• NIH – Introduction to Stem Cells

• About Stem Cells – Introduction to Stem Cells

• About Stem Cells – Embryonic Stem Cells

• About Stem Cells – Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

• About Stem Cells – Adult Stem Cells

• About Stem Cells – Stem Cell Glossary

• ISSCR Core Concepts in Stem Cell Biology: Syllabus and Learning Guide

References:

• Frangoul H, Altshuler D, Cappellini MD, et al. CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing for sickle cell disease and β-thalassemia. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(3):252-260. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2031054

• Gallico GG 3rd, O'Connor NE, Compton CC, Kehinde O, Green H. Permanent coverage of large burn wounds with autologous cultured human epithelium. N Engl J Med. 1984;311(7):448-451. doi:10.1056/NEJM198408163110706

• Hirsch T, Rothoeft T, Teig N, et al. Regeneration of the entire human epidermis using transgenic stem cells. Nature. 2017;551(7680):327-332. doi:10.1038/nature24487

• Kim et al. Biphasic Activation of WNT Signaling Facilitates the Derivation of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons from hESCs for Translational Use. Cell Stem Cell 2021 Feb 4;28(2):343-355.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.01.005.

• Kirkeby A, Main H, Carpenter M. Pluripotent stem-cell-derived therapies in clinical trial: A 2025 update [published correction appears in Cell Stem Cell. 2025 Feb 6;32(2):329-331. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2025.01.003.]. Cell Stem Cell. 2025;32(1):10-37. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2024.12.005

• Melenhorst JJ, Chen GM, Wang M, et al. Decade-long leukaemia remissions with persistence of CD4+ CAR T cells [published correction appears in Nature. 2022 Dec;612(7941):E22. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05376-8.]. Nature. 2022;602(7897):503-509. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04390-6

• Pagliuca FW, Millman JR, Gürtler M, et al. Generation of functional human pancreatic β cells in vitro. Cell. 2014;159(2):428-439. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.040

• Piao et al. Preclinical Efficacy and Safety of a Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Midbrain Dopamine Progenitor Product, MSK-DA01. Cell Stem Cell 2021 Feb 4;28(2):217-229.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.01.004.

• Pellegrini G, Traverso CE, Franzi AT, Zingirian M, Cancedda R, De Luca M. Long-term restoration of damaged corneal surfaces with autologous cultivated corneal epithelium. Lancet. 1997;349(9057):990-993. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)11188-0

•   Sankaran et al. Human fetal hemoglobin expression is regulated by the developmental stage-specific repressor BCL11A. Science 2008 Dec 19;322(5909):1839-42. doi: 10.1126/science.1165409.

• Thomas ED, Lochte Hl Jr, Lu WC, Ferrebee JW. Intravenous infusion of bone marrow in patients receiving radiation and chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 1957;257(11):491-496. doi:10.1056/NEJM195709122571102

Resources:

• About Stem Cells – Types of Stem Cell Treatments

• About Stem Cells – Stem Cell Treatments: Terms to Know

• About Stem Cells – 9 Things to Know About Stem Cell Treatments

• About Stem Cells – Unproven Stem Cell “Treatments”

• About Stem Cells – What should I ask before considering an unproven stem cell “treatment”?

• About Stem Cells – What should I be cautious about if I am considering an unproven stem cell “treatment”?

• About Stem Cells – Informed Consent Form

• The ISSCR Patient Guide to Stem Cell Treatments

References (Parkinson’s Disease):

• Doi D, Magotani H, Kikuchi T, et al. Pre-clinical study of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitor cells for Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3369. Published 2020 Jul 6. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17165-w

• Hallett PJ, Deleidi M, Astradsson A, et al. Successful function of autologous iPSC-derived dopamine neurons following transplantation in a non-human primate model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Stem Cell. 2015;16(3):269-274. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2015.01.018

• Kim TW, Piao J, Koo SY, et al. Biphasic Activation of WNT Signaling Facilitates the Derivation of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons from hESCs for Translational Use. Cell Stem Cell. 2021;28(2):343-355.e5. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2021.01.005

• Kikuchi T, Morizane A, Doi D, et al. Human iPS cell-derived dopaminergic neurons function in a primate Parkinson's disease model. Nature. 2017;548(7669):592-596. doi:10.1038/nature23664

• López-Ornelas A, Escobedo-Avila I, Ramírez-García G, et al. Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Immature Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons Transplanted in Parkinsonian Monkeys. Cells. 2023;12(23):2738. Published 2023 Nov 30. doi:10.3390/cells12232738

• Parmar M, Björklund A. From Skin to Brain: A Parkinson's Disease Patient Transplanted with His Own Cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2020;27(1):8-10. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2020.06.008

• Piao J, Zabierowski S, Dubose BN, et al. Preclinical Efficacy and Safety of a Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Midbrain Dopamine Progenitor Product, MSK-DA01. Cell Stem Cell. 2021;28(2):217-229.e7. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2021.01.004

• Skidmore S, Barker RA. Challenges in the clinical advancement of cell therapies for Parkinson's disease. Nat Biomed Eng. 2023;7(4):370-386. doi:10.1038/s41551-022-00987-y

• Takahashi J. Clinical Trial for Parkinson's Disease Gets a Green Light in the US. Cell Stem Cell. 2021;28(2):182-183. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2021.01.013

• Tao Y, Vermilyea SC, Zammit M, et al. Autologous transplant therapy alleviates motor and depressive behaviors in parkinsonian monkeys. Nat Med. 2021;27(4):632-639. doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01257-1

• Vermilyea SC, Emborg ME. The role of nonhuman primate models in the development of cell-based therapies for Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2018;125(3):365-384. doi:10.1007/s00702-017-1708-9

References (AMD):

• Woogeng IN, Kaczkowski B, Abugessaisa I, Hu H, Tachibana A, Sahara Y, Hon CC, Hasegawa A, Sakai N, Nishida M, Sanyal H, Sho J, Kajita K, Kasukawa T, Takasato M, Carninci P, Maeda A, Mandai M, Arner E, Takahashi M, Kime C. Inducing human retinal pigment epithelium-like cells from somatic tissue. Stem Cell Reports. 2022 Feb 8;17(2):289-306. doi: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.008. Epub 2022 Jan 13. PMID: 35030321; PMCID: PMC8828536.

• McGill TJ, Bohana-Kashtan O, Stoddard JW, Andrews MD, Pandit N, Rosenberg-Belmaker LR, Wiser O, Matzrafi L, Banin E, Reubinoff B, Netzer N, Irving C. Long-Term Efficacy of GMP Grade Xeno-Free hESC-Derived RPE Cells Following Transplantation. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2017 Jun 14;6(3):17. doi: 10.1167/tvst.6.3.17. PMID: 28626601; PMCID: PMC5472365.

References (Spinal Cord Injury):

• Keirstead HS, Nistor G, Bernal G, et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplants remyelinate and restore locomotion after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci. 2005;25(19):4694-4705. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0311-05.2005

• Kobayashi Y, Okada Y, Itakura G, Iwai H, Nishimura S, Yasuda A, Nori S, Hikishima K, Konomi T, Fujiyoshi K, Tsuji O, Toyama Y, Yamanaka S, Nakamura M, Okano H. Pre-evaluated safe human iPSC-derived neural stem cells promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury in common marmoset without tumorigenicity. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52787. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052787

• Nori S, Okada Y, Yasuda A, et al. Grafted human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived neurospheres promote motor functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(40):16825-16830. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108077108

Resources:

• About Stem Cells – Stem Cell Research

• About Stem Cells -  How Science Becomes Medicine

• About Stem Cells – Clinical Translation

• About Stem Cells – Emerging Research

• ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation

• ISSCR Standards for Human Stem Cell Use in Research

References: 

• Abou-El-Enein M, Römhild A, Kaiser D, et al. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) manufacturing of advanced therapy medicinal products: a novel tailored model for optimizing performance and estimating costs. Cytotherapy. 2013;15(3):362-383. doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.09.006

• Abou-El-Enein M, Elsallab M, Feldman SA, et al. Scalable Manufacturing of CAR T cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Blood Cancer Discov. 2021;2(5):408-422. doi:10.1158/2643-3230.BCD-21-0084

• Dashnau JL, Xue Q, Nelson M, Law E, Cao L, Hei D. A risk-based approach for cell line development, manufacturing and characterization of genetically engineered, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived allogeneic cell therapies. Cytotherapy. 2023;25(1):1-13. doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.08.001

• Madrid M, Sumen C, Aivio S, Saklayen N. Autologous Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Cell Therapies: Promise, Progress, and Challenges. Curr Protoc. 2021;1(3):e88. doi:10.1002/cpz1.88

• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Sciences Policy; Forum on Regenerative Medicine. Navigating the Manufacturing Process and Ensuring the Quality of Regenerative Medicine Therapies: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2017 Oct 26. 3, Identifying and Measuring Critical Quality Attributes. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK475684/

• Salmikangas P, Carlsson B, Klumb C, Reimer T, Thirstrup S. Potency testing of cell and gene therapy products. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1190016. Published 2023 May 5. doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1190016

Resources:

• Safety Testing of Human Allogeneic Cells Expanded for Use in Cell-Based Medical Products, FDA

• ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation

• ISSCR Best Practices for the Development of PSC-Derived Cellular Therapies

References:

Stem Cell Translation

• Pellegrini G, Lambiase A, Macaluso C, et al. From discovery to approval of an advanced therapy medicinal product-containing stem cells, in the EU. Regen Med. 2016;11(4):407-420. doi:10.2217/rme-2015-0051

• Sugai K, Sumida M, Shofuda T, et al. First-in-human clinical trial of transplantation of iPSC-derived NS/PCs in subacute complete spinal cord injury: Study protocol. Regen Ther. 2021;18:321-333. Published 2021 Sep 7. doi:10.1016/j.reth.2021.08.005

Compassionate Use

• Hirsch T, Rothoeft T, Teig N, et al. Regeneration of the entire human epidermis using transgenic stem cells. Nature. 2017;551(7680):327-332. doi:10.1038/nature24487

Reverse Translation:

• Rama P, Matuska S, Paganoni G, Spinelli A, De Luca M, Pellegrini G. Limbal stem-cell therapy and long-term corneal regeneration. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(2):147-155. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0905955

• Pellegrini G, Rama P, Matuska S, et al. Biological parameters determining the clinical outcome of autologous cultures of limbal stem cells. Regen Med. 2013;8(5):553-567. doi:10.2217/rme.13.43

Real World Evidence:

• Wang SV, Schneeweiss S; RCT-DUPLICATE Initiative, et al. Emulation of Randomized Clinical Trials With Nonrandomized Database Analyses: Results of 32 Clinical Trials [published correction appears in JAMA. 2024 Apr 9;331(14):1236. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.5022.]. JAMA. 2023;329(16):1376-1385. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.4221

Preclinical Studies

• Barker RA; TRANSEURO consortium. Designing stem-cell-based dopamine cell replacement trials for Parkinson's disease. Nat Med. 2019;25(7):1045-1053. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0507-2

• Kirkeby A, Nelander J, Hoban DB, et al. Preclinical quality, safety, and efficacy of a human embryonic stem cell-derived product for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, STEM-PD. Cell Stem Cell. 2023;30(10):1299-1314.e9. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2023.08.014

• Kirkeby A, Main H, Carpenter M. Pluripotent stem-cell-derived therapies in clinical trial: A 2025 update. Cell Stem Cell. 2025;32(2):329-331. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2025.01.003

Additional References:

• Barker RA, Carpenter M, Jamieson CHM, et al. Lessons learnt, and still to learn, in first in human stem cell trials. Stem Cell Reports. 2023;18(8):1599-1609. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.11.019

• da Cruz L, Fynes K, Georgiadis O, et al. Phase 1 clinical study of an embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium patch in age-related macular degeneration. Nat Biotechnol. 2018;36(4):328-337. doi:10.1038/nbt.4114

• EU clinical trial with limbal stem cells, endpoints

• Lovell-Badge R, Anthony E, Barker RA, et al. ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation: The 2021 update. Stem Cell Reports. 2021;16(6):1398-1408. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.012

• Pellegrini G, Ardigò D, Milazzo G, et al. Navigating Market Authorization: The Path Holoclar Took to Become the First Stem Cell Product Approved in the European Union. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2018;7(1):146-154. doi:10.1002/sctm.17-0003

• Sugarman J, Barker RA, Kerridge I, et al. Tackling Ethical Challenges of Premature Delivery of Stem Cell-Based Therapies: ISSCR 2018 Annual Meeting Focus Session Report. Stem Cell Reports. 2018;11(5):1021-1025. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.10.020

• Sugarman J, Barker RA, Charo RA. A Professional Standard for Informed Consent for Stem Cell Therapies. JAMA. 2019;322(17):1651-1652. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.11290

• WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants

Resources:

• About Stem Cells – Clinical Trials

• About Stem Cells – Clinical Trials: Terms to Know

• About Stem Cells – How Clinical Trials Work

• About Stem Cells – Informed Consent Form

• ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation

References:

Regulatory:

• Ikonomou L, Munsie M, Power C, Sipp D, Turner L, Rasko JEJ. Effective regulatory responses to predatory stem cell markets in Australia and Canada. Cell Stem Cell. 2024;31(10):1393-1397. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2024.09.007

• Lindvall O. and Hyun I., Medical innovation versus stem cell tourism,” Science. 2009;324(5935):1664-1665. doi: 10.1126/science.1171749

• Matthews KRW, Lowe SJ, Master Z. US state laws on medical freedom and investigational stem cell procedures: a call to focus on state-based legislation. Cytotherapy. 2024;26(4):404-409. doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.01.002

• Master Z, Matthews KRW, Abou-El-Enein M. Unproven stem cell interventions: A global public health problem requiring global deliberation. Stem Cell Reports. 2021;16(6):1435-1445. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.05.004

• Munsie M, Hyun I. A question of ethics: selling autologous stem cell therapies flaunts professional standards. Stem Cell Res. 2014;13(3 Pt B):647-653. doi:10.1016/j.scr.2014.04.014

• Pew Charitable Trusts. 2019. FDA’s Framework for Regulating Regenerative Medicine Will Improve Oversight. https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2019/10/17/fdas-framework-for-regulating-regenerative-medicine-will-improve-oversight.

• Richardson E, Akkas F, Master Z. Evaluating the FDA regenerative medicine framework: opportunities for stakeholders. Regen Med. 2020;15(7):1825-1832. doi: 10.2217/rme-2020-0073.

• Rudge C, Ghinea N, Munsie M, Stewart C. Regulating autologous stem cell interventions in Australia: updated review of the direct-to-consumer advertising restrictions. Aust Health Rev. 2021;45(4):507-515. doi:10.1071/AH20217

• Zarzeczny A, Caulfield T, Ogbogu U, et al. Professional regulation: a potentially valuable tool in responding to "stem cell tourism". Stem Cell Reports. 2014;3(3):379-384. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.06.016

Patient Perceptions:

• Arthurs JR, Nordan LM, Hultgren BH, et al. Patients seeking stem cell therapies-a prospective qualitative analysis from a Regenerative Medicine Consult Service [published correction appears in NPJ Regen Med. 2023 Feb 2;8(1):5. doi: 10.1038/s41536-023-00278-3.]. NPJ Regen Med. 2022;7(1):20. Published 2022 Mar 25. doi:10.1038/s41536-022-00215-w

• Kawam, O., Zhu, X., Watson, S., Martin-Lillie, C., Arthurs, J., Eton, D.T., Rutten, L.J.F., Shapiro, S., Tilburt, J.C. and Master, Z. 2025. Factors that influence unproven stem cell intervention seeking behavior: a qualitative analysis of U.S. patients considering or having taken unproven stem cell interventions. Social Science & Medicine. In press.v

• Smith C, Martin-Lillie C, Higano JD, et al. Challenging misinformation and engaging patients: characterizing a regenerative medicine consult service. Regen Med. 2020;15(3):1427-1440. doi:10.2217/rme-2020-0018

• Tanner C, Petersen A, Munsie M. 'No one here's helping me, what do you do?': addressing patient need for support and advice about stem cell treatments. Regen Med. 2017;12(7):791-801. doi:10.2217/rme-2017-0056

• Waldby C, Hendl T, Kerridge I, et al. The direct-to-consumer market for stem cell-based interventions in Australia: exploring the experiences of patients. Regen Med. 2020;15(1):1238-1249. doi:10.2217/rme-2019-0089

• Zarzeczny A, Tanner C, Barfoot J, Blackburn C, Couturier A, Munsie M. Contact us for more information: an analysis of public enquiries about stem cells. Regen Med. 2019;14(12):1137-1150. doi:10.2217/rme-2019-0092

Physician Perceptions and Duties:

• Arthurs JR, Martin Lillie CM, Master Z, Shapiro SA. The Direct to Consumer Stem Cell Market and the Role of Primary Care Providers in Correcting Misinformation. J Prim Care Community Health. 2022;13:21501319221121460. doi:10.1177/21501319221121460

• Bowman M, Racke M, Kissel J, Imitola J. Responsibilities of Health Care Professionals in Counseling and Educating Patients With Incurable Neurological Diseases Regarding "Stem Cell Tourism": Caveat Emptor. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(11):1342-1345. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1891

• Fu W, Smith C, Turner L, Fojtik J, Pacyna JE, Master Z. Characteristics and Scope of Training of Clinicians Participating in the US Direct-to-Consumer Marketplace for Unproven Stem Cell Interventions. JAMA. 2019;321(24):2463-2464. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.5837

• Julian K, Yuhasz N, Rai W, Salerno JA, Imitola J. Complications from "Stem Cell Tourism" in Neurology. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(4):661-668. doi:10.1002/ana.25842

• Matthews KRW, Kawam O, Sprung K, Perin EC, Master Z. Role of Physicians in Guiding Patients Away From Unproven Stem Cell Interventions. Tex Heart Inst J. 2022;49(2):e217768. doi:10.14503/THIJ-21-7768

• Rees L, Friis T, Woodward-Kron R, Munsie M. What is known about healthcare professional-patient communication when discussing stem cell therapies? A scoping review. Patient Educ Couns. 2025;130:108430. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2024.108430

• Smith C, Crowley A, Munsie M, et al. Academic physician specialists' views toward the unproven stem cell intervention industry: areas of common ground and divergence. Cytotherapy. 2021;23(4):348-356. doi:10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.12.011

Marketing:

• Chavez J, Shah NA, Ruoss S, Cuomo RE, Ward SR, Mackey TK. Online marketing practices of regenerative medicine clinics in US-Mexico border region: a web surveillance study. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2021;12(1):189. Published 2021 Mar 18. doi:10.1186/s13287-021-02254-4

• Cook M, Richey A, Brafman DA, Frow EK. Weighing up the evidence used by direct-to-consumer stem cell businesses. Stem Cell Reports. 2021;16(12):2852-2860. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.10.007

• Hawke B, Przybylo AR, Paciulli D, Caulfield T, Zarzeczny A, Master Z. How to Peddle Hope: An Analysis of YouTube Patient Testimonials of Unproven Stem Cell Treatments. Stem Cell Reports. 2019;12(6):1186-1189. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.05.009

• Sipp D, Caulfield T, Kaye J, et al. Marketing of unproven stem cell-based interventions: A call to action. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(397):eaag0426. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aag0426

• Turner L. The American stem cell sell in 2021: U.S. businesses selling unlicensed and unproven stem cell interventions. Cell Stem Cell. 2021;28(11):1891-1895. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2021.10.008

• Turner L, Martinez JR Jr, Najjar S, Rajapaksha Arachchilage T, Wang JC. Businesses marketing purported stem cell treatments and exosome therapies for COVID-19: An analysis of direct-to-consumer online advertising claims. Stem Cell Reports. 2023;18(11):2010-2015. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.09.015

Resources:

• About Stem Cells – Types of Stem Cell Treatments

• About Stem Cells – Stem Cell Treatments: Terms to Know

• About Stem Cells – 9 Things to Know About Stem Cell Treatments

• About Stem Cells – Unproven Stem Cell “Treatments”

• About Stem Cells – What should I ask before considering an unproven stem cell “treatment”?

• About Stem Cells – What should I be cautious about if I am considering an unproven stem cell “treatment”?

• About Stem Cells – Informed Consent Form

• The ISSCR Patient Guide to Stem Cell Treatments

• ISSCR Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation

• ·       ISSCR Informed Consent Standard for Stem Cell-Based Interventions

• ISSCR Clinical Disease Fact Sheets

References:

• Bowman M, Racke M, Kissel J, Imitola J. Responsibilities of Health Care Professionals in Counseling and Educating Patients With Incurable Neurological Diseases Regarding "Stem Cell Tourism": Caveat Emptor. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72(11):1342-1345. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.1891

• Feudtner C. The breadth of hopes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(24):2306-2307. doi:10.1056/NEJMp0906516

• Hyun I. Therapeutic hope, spiritual distress, and the problem of stem cell tourism. Cell Stem Cell. 2013;12(5):505-507. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2013.04.010

• Julian K, Yuhasz N, Hollingsworth E, Imitola J. The "Growing" Reality of the Neurological Complications of Global "Stem Cell Tourism". Semin Neurol. 2018;38(2):176-181. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1649338

• Julian K, Yuhasz N, Rai W, Salerno JA, Imitola J. Complications from "Stem Cell Tourism" in Neurology. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(4):661-668. doi:10.1002/ana.25842

• Kawam O, Zhu X, Eton DT, et al. Designing persuasive health education for patients seeking unproven stem cell interventions. Stem Cell Reports. 2023;18(8):1549-1554. doi:10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.06.004

Resources:

• About Stem Cells – Types of Stem Cell Treatments

• About Stem Cells – Stem Cell Treatments: Terms to Know

• About Stem Cells – 9 Things to Know About Stem Cell Treatments

• About Stem Cells – Unproven Stem Cell “Treatments”

• About Stem Cells – What should I ask before considering an unproven stem cell “treatment”?

• About Stem Cells – What should I be cautious about if I am considering an unproven stem cell “treatment”?

• About Stem Cells – Informed Consent Form

• The ISSCR Patient Guide to Stem Cell Treatments

• ISSCR Clinical Disease Fact Sheets

• ISSCR Informed Consent Standard for Stem Cell-Based Interventions